9i3v

Cryo-EM structure of the human LRP2 ectodomain

Method: ELECTRON MICROSCOPY D_max: 360.7 Å Quality: GOOD

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1. Protein Identity and Related Structures Protein Identity & Related Structures

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2

Homo sapiens

State in the Current Structure

Assembly	Oligomeric State	Construct	Mutations and Modifications	Ligands, Ions and Associated Components	Method and Experimental Conditions	Structure Quality
1	Other combination Heteromer Protein × 10 其他Polymer 15 PDB declaration: decameric（10） Consistent with protein copy count	Chain A； UniProt 1–4423 Chain B； UniProt 1–4423	Not recorded	Unidentified peptide × 2 Unidentified peptide × 3 Unidentified peptide × 1 Unidentified peptide × 1 Unidentified peptide × 1 beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose × 7 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose × 8 NAG 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose × 19 NGA 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranose × 9 CA CALCIUM ION × 25 NI NICKEL (II) ION × 2	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY cryo-EM buffer：pH 6.2 cryo-EM vitrification conditions：Cryogen ETHANE	Resolution 3.51 Å

Other States of the Same Protein in the Database

Each row is a biological assembly of the same UniProt protein in another PDB entry. The “Difference from current entry” column identifies evidence-level differences; no tag means the currently parsed fields agree.

Other PDB	Difference from Current Entry 9I3V	Assembly / Oligomeric State	Construct	Mutations and Modifications	Ligands, Ions and Non-polymers	Method and Experimental Conditions	Structure Quality
2M0P Solution structure of the tenth complement type repeat of human megalin Deposited 2012-11-01	Different construct Different mutation/modification Different oligomeric state Different ligand/ion Different experimental method Different experimental conditions Different structure-quality metrics	Assembly 1 Protein monomer Monomer；Protein × 1 PDB declaration: monomeric	Chain A 1103–1148（46 aa）	Not recorded	CA CALCIUM ION × 1	SOLUTION NMR NMR measurement conditions pH 6.5；298 K；Ionic strength (raw mmCIF value) 0.2；Pressure ambient NMR sample composition 0.6 mM [U-100% 13C; U-100% 15N] CR10, 100 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM calcium chloride, 50 mM TRIS, 0.1 mM DSS, 0.1 % sodium azide, 90% H2O/10% D2O \| 90% H2O/10% D2O NMR sample composition 0.6 mM [U-100% 13C; U-100% 15N] CR10, 50 mM calcium chloride, 100 mM sodium chloride, 50 mM TRIS, 0.1 mM DSS, 0.1 % sodium azide, 100% D2O \| 100% D2O	Resolution not provided
9CWM Cryo-EM structure of human Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 Deposited 2024-07-29	Different construct Different oligomeric state Different ligand/ion Different experimental conditions Different structure-quality metrics	Assembly 1 Other combination Homooligomer；Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric	Chain A 1–4655（4655 aa） Chain B 1–4655（4655 aa）	Not recorded	NAG 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose × 23	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY cryo-EM buffer pH 7.5 cryo-EM vitrification conditions Cryogen ETHANE	Resolution 3.30 Å
9QAW CryoEM structure of the human LRP2 receptor ectodomain in complex with LRPAP1 Deposited 2025-02-28	Different oligomeric state Different ligand/ion Different experimental conditions Different structure-quality metrics	Assembly 1 Other combination Heteromer；Protein × 12 PDB declaration: 12-meric	Chain A 1–4423（4423 aa） Chain B 1–4423（4423 aa）	Not recorded	NAG 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose × 19 BMA beta-D-mannopyranose × 2 NGA 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranose × 7 CA CALCIUM ION × 25 NI NICKEL (II) ION × 2	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY cryo-EM buffer pH 7.9 cryo-EM vitrification conditions Cryogen ETHANE	Resolution 3.34 Å

3 other PDB entries and 3 assemblies. Open the comparison page and filter oligomeric states

View Construct and Data Evidence

UniProt name	LRP2_HUMAN
Isoform	—
PDB entities	1
Chains and sequence ranges	Author chain A； PDBConstruct 1–4423； UniProt 1–4423 Author chain B； PDBConstruct 1–4423； UniProt 1–4423

The page prioritizes protein identity, the current assembly, associated components, oligomeric state and cross-PDB links. Chain mapping and sequence ranges are retained as data evidence. Internal IDs, import timestamps and assembly operation expressions are maintenance fields and are not shown here.

SAXS scattering curve SAXS Profile

P(r) Distance Distribution P(r) Distribution

Download Download SAXS (.dat) P(r) (.pr.out) CIF

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2. Structure Basics 2. Structure Basics

Entry ID entry_id	9i3v
Deposition date deposition_date	2025-01-24
Structure title title	Cryo-EM structure of the human LRP2 ectodomain
Keywords keywords	Receptor, LDL, Megalin, Endocytosis; ENDOCYTOSIS
Experimental Method method	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

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3. SAXS Parameters (CRYSOL theoretical calculation) 3. SAXS Parameters (CRYSOL)

Radius of gyration Rg (Guinier) rg_guinier	95.82 Å
Radius of gyration Rg (electron density) rg_electron	95.83 Å
Forward intensity I(0) i0	11966100000.00
Molecular weight molecular_weight	876180.0 kDa
Excluded volume excluded_volume	1071600 Å³
Envelope volume envelope_volume	2206300 Å³
Hydration-shell volume shell_volume	196870 Å³
Envelope diameter envelope_diameter	282.3 Å
Shell Rg shell_rg	87.22 Å
Envelope Rg envelope_rg	89.40 Å
Shape Rg shape_rg	95.82 Å
Total Rg total_rg	95.81 Å
Total atoms total_atoms	118041
Residues n_residues	7689
Spherical-harmonic order n_harmonics	20
q range q_range	— – 0.5000 Å⁻¹
Data points n_points	101
Shell type shell_type	directional
Solvent electron density solvent_density	0.3340 e/Å³
Shell contrast contrast_shell	0.0300 e/Å³
CRYSOL version crysol_version	4.1.3

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4. P(r) Distance Distribution (GNOM inversion) 4. P(r) Analysis (GNOM)

Maximum dimension Dmax dmax	360.7 Å
Rg (real space) rg_real	101.90 Å
Rg uncertainty (real space) rg_real_error	2.92 Å
I(0) (real space) i0_real	1.2090e+10
I(0) uncertainty (real space) i0_real_error	2.8040e+08
Rg (reciprocal space) rg_reciprocal	95.74 Å
I(0) (reciprocal space) i0_reciprocal	11960000000.0000
Solution quality estimate total_estimate	0.8869
Solution quality rating solution_quality	GOOD a GOOD solution
P(r) peaks n_peaks	1
Primary peak position r_peak_primary	112.7 Å
Skewness Skewness skewness	0.473
Kurtosis Kurtosis kurtosis	0.050
Angular range angular_range	— – 0.0800 Å⁻¹
Current regularization parameter α current_alpha	0.9041
Highest regularization parameter α highest_alpha	419700000.0000
Real-space data points n_real_points	17
GNOM version gnom_version	4.1.3
Quality Criteria quality_criteria	AN1: 0.000; Oscil: 0.832; Stabil: 0.823; Sysdev: 1.000; Positv: 1.000; Valcen: 0.991; Smooth: 0.617

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5. Crystallography and Experiment 5. Crystallography & Experiment

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6. Entities and Polymers Entities & Polymers (12)

Entity 1 Entity 1 polymer

Description description	Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2
Molecular weight formula_weight	502222.5 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	2

Polymer Polymer

Polymer type type	polypeptide(L)
Chain IDs strand_id	A,B
Atom count atom_count	118041

MDRGPAAVACTLLLALVACLAPASGQECDSAHFRCGSGHCIPADWRCDGTKDCSDDADEIGCAVVTCQQGYFKCQSEGQCIPNSWVCDQDQDCDDGSDERQDCSQSTCSSHQITCSNGQCIPSEYRCDHVRDCPDGADENDCQYPTCEQLTCDNGACYNTSQKCDWKVDCRDSSDEINCTEICLHNEFSCGNGECIPRAYVCDHDNDCQDGSDEHACNYPTCGGYQFTCPSGRCIYQNWVCDGEDDCKDNGDEDGCESGPHDVHKCSPREWSCPESGRCISIYKVCDGILDCPGREDENNTSTGKYCSMTLCSALNCQYQCHETPYGGACFCPPGYIINHNDSRTCVEFDDCQIWGICDQKCESRPGRHLCHCEEGYILERGQYCKANDSFGEASIIFSNGRDLLIGDIHGRSFRILVESQNRGVAVGVAFHYHLQRVFWTDTVQNKVFSVDINGLNIQEVLNVSVETPENLAVDWVNNKIYLVETKVNRIDMVNLDGSYRVTLITENLGHPRGIAVDPTVGYLFFSDWESLSGEPKLERAFMDGSNRKDLVKTKLGWPAGVTLDMISKRVYWVDSRFDYIETVTYDGIQRKTVVHGGSLIPHPFGVSLFEGQVFFTDWTKMAVLKANKFTETNPQVYYQASLRPYGVTVYHSLRQPYATNPCKDNNGGCEQVCVLSHRTDNDGLGFRCKCTFGFQLDTDERHCIAVQNFLIFSSQVAIRGIPFTLSTQEDVMVPVSGNPSFFVGIDFDAQDSTIFFSDMSKHMIFKQKIDGTGREILAANRVENVESLAFDWISKNLYWTDSHYKSISVMRLADKTRRTVVQYLNNPRSVVVHPFAGYLFFTDWFRPAKIMRAWSDGSHLLPVINTTLGWPNGLAIDWAASRLYWVDAYFDKIEHSTFDGLDRRRLGHIEQMTHPFGLAIFGEHLFFTDWRLGAIIRVRKADGGEMTVIRSGIAYILHLKSYDVNIQTGSNACNQPTHPNGDCSHFCFPVPNFQRVCGCPYGMRLASNHLTCEGDPTNEPPTEQCGLFSFPCKNGRCVPNYYLCDGVDDCHDNSDEQLCGTLNNTCSSSAFTCGHGECIPAHWRCDKRNDCVDGSDEHNCPTHAPASCLDTQYTCDNHQCISKNWVCDTDNDCGDGSDEKNCNSTETCQPSQFNCPNHRCIDLSFVCDGDKDCVDGSDEVGCVLNCTASQFKCASGDKCIGVTNRCDGVFDCSDNSDEAGCPTRPPGMCHSDEFQCQEDGICIPNFWECDGHPDCLYGSDEHNACVPKTCPSSYFHCDNGNCIHRAWLCDRDNDCGDMSDEKDCPTQPFRCPSWQWQCLGHNICVNLSVVCDGIFDCPNGTDESPLCNGNSCSDFNGGCTHECVQEPFGAKCLCPLGFLLANDSKTCEDIDECDILGSCSQHCYNMRGSFRCSCDTGYMLESDGRTCKVTASESLLLLVASQNKIIADSVTSQVHNIYSLVENGSYIVAVDFDSISGRIFWSDATQGKTWSAFQNGTDRRVVFDSSIILTETIAIDWVGRNLYWTDYALETIEVSKIDGSHRTVLISKNLTNPRGLALDPRMNEHLLFWSDWGHHPRIERASMDGSMRTVIVQDKIFWPCGLTIDYPNRLLYFMDSYLDYMDFCDYNGHHRRQVIASDLIIRHPYALTLFEDSVYWTDRATRRVMRANKWHGGNQSVVMYNIQWPLGIVAVHPSKQPNSVNPCAFSRCSHLCLLSSQGPHFYSCVCPSGWSLSPDLLNCLRDDQPFLITVRQHIIFGISLNPEVKSNDAMVPIAGIQNGLDVEFDDAEQYIYWVENPGEIHRVKTDGTNRTVFASISMVGPSMNLALDWISRNLYSTNPRTQSIEVLTLHGDIRYRKTLIANDGTALGVGFPIGITVDPARGKLYWSDQGTDSGVPAKIASANMDGTSVKTLFTGNLEHLECVTLDIEEQKLYWAVTGRGVIERGNVDGTDRMILVHQLSHPWGIAVHDSFLYYTDEQYEVIERVDKATGANKIVLRDNVPNLRGLQVYHRRNAAESSNGCSNNMNACQQICLPVPGGLFSCACATGFKLNPDNRSCSPYNSFIVVSMLSAIRGFSLELSDHSETMVPVAGQGRNALHVDVDVSSGFIYWCDFSSSVASDNAIRRIKPDGSSLMNIVTHGIGENGVRGIAVDWVAGNLYFTNAFVSETLIEVLRINTTYRRVLLKVTVDMPRHIVVDPKNRYLFWADYGQRPKIERSFLDCTNRTVLVSEGIVTPRGLAVDRSDGYVYWVDDSLDIIARIRINGENSEVIRYGSRYPTPYGITVFENSIIWVDRNLKKIFQASKEPENTEPPTVIRDNINWLRDVTIFDKQVQPRSPAEVNNNPCLENNGGCSHLCFALPGLHTPKCDCAFGTLQSDGKNCAISTENFLIFALSNSLRSLHLDPENHSPPFQTINVERTVMSLDYDSVSDRIYFTQNLASGVGQISYATLSSGIHTPTVIASGIGTADGIAFDWITRRIYYSDYLNQMINSMAEDGSNRTVIARVPKPRAIVLDPCQGYLYWADWDTHAKIERATLGGNFRVPIVNSSLVMPSGLTLDYEEDLLYWVDASLQRIERSTLTGVDREVIVNAAVHAFGLTLYGQYIYWTDLYTQRIYRANKYDGSGQIAMTTNLLSQPRGINTVVKNQKQQCNNPCEQFNGGCSHICAPGPNGAECQCPHEGNWYLANNRKHCIVDNGERCGASSFTCSNGRCISEEWKCDNDNDCGDGSDEMESVCALHTCSPTAFTCANGRCVQYSYRCDYYNDCGDGSDEAGCLFRDCNATTEFMCNNRRCIPREFICNGVDNCHDNNTSDEKNCPDRTCQSGYTKCHNSNICIPRVYLCDGDNDCGDNSDENPTYCTTHTCSSSEFQCASGRCIPQHWYCDQETDCFDASDEPASCGHSERTCLADEFKCDGGRCIPSEWICDGDNDCGDMSDEDKRHQCQNQNCSDSEFLCVNDRPPDRRCIPQSWVCDGDVDCTDGYDENQNCTRRTCSENEFTCGYGLCIPKIFRCDRHNDCGDYSDERGCLYQTCQQNQFTCQNGRCISKTFVCDEDNDCGDGSDELMHLCHTPEPTCPPHEFKCDNGRCIEMMKLCNHLDDCLDNSDEKGCGINECHDPSISGCDHNCTDTLTSFYCSCRPGYKLMSDKRTCVDIDECTEMPFVCSQKCENVIGSYICKCAPGYLREPDGKTCRQNSNIEPYLIFSNRYYLRNLTIDGYFYSLILEGLDNVVALDFDRVEKRLYWIDTQRQVIERMFLNKTNKETIINHRLPAAESLAVDWVSRKLYWLDARLDGLFVSDLNGGHRRMLAQHCVDANNTFCFDNPRGLALHPQYGYLYWADWGHRAYIGRVGMDGTNKSVIISTKLEWPNGITIDYTNDLLYWADAHLGYIEYSDLEGHHRHTVYDGALPHPFAITIFEDTIYWTDWNTRTVEKGNKYDGSNRQTLVNTTHRPFDIHVYHPYRQPIVSNPCGTNNGGCSHLCLIKPGGKGFTCECPDDFRTLQLSGSTYCMPMCSSTQFLCANNEKCIPIWWKCDGQKDCSDGSDELALCPQRFCRLGQFQCSDGNCTSPQTLCNAHQNCPDGSDEDRLLCENHHCDSNEWQCANKRCIPESWQCDTFNDCEDNSDEDSSHCASRTCRPGQFRCANGRCIPQAWKCDVDNDCGDHSDEPIEECMSSAHLCDNFTEFSCKTNYRCIPKWAVCNGVDDCRDNSDEQGCEERTCHPVGDFRCKNHHCIPLRWQCDGQNDCGDNSDEENCAPRECTESEFRCVNQQCIPSRWICDHYNDCGDNSDERDCEMRTCHPEYFQCTSGHCVHSELKCDGSADCLDASDEADCPTRFPDGAYCQATMFECKNHVCIPPYWKCDGDDDCGDGSDEELHLCLDVPCNSPNRFRCDNNRCIYSHEVCNGVDDCGDGTDETEEHCRKPTPKPCTEYEYKCGNGHCIPHDNVCDDADDCGDWSDELGCNKGKERTCAENICEQNCTQLNEGGFICSCTAGFETNVFDRTSCLDINECEQFGTCPQHCRNTKGSYECVCADGFTSMSDRPGKRCAAEGSSPLLLLPDNVRIRKYNLSSERFSEYLQDEEYIQAVDYDWDPKDIGLSVVYYTVRGEGSRFGAIKRAYIPNFESGRNNLVQEVDLKLKYVMQPDGIAVDWVGRHIYWSDVKNKRIEVAKLDGRYRKWLISTDLDQPAAIAVNPKLGLMFWTDWGKEPKIESAWMNGEDRNILVFEDLGWPTGLSIDYLNNDRIYWSDFKEDVIETIKYDGTDRRVIAKEAMNPYSLDIFEDQLYWISKEKGEVWKQNKFGQGKKEKTLVVNPWLTQVRIFHQLRYNKSVPNLCKQICSHLCLLRPGGYSCACPQGSSFIEGSTTECDAAIELPINLPPPCRCMHGGNCYFDETDLPKCKCPSGYTGKYCEMAFSKGISPGTTGWSHPQFEKAGGGSGGGSGGGSWSHPQFEKGGGSGGGSGGGSWSHPQFEK

来源 Source

来源生物 organism	Homo sapiens
通用名 common_name	human
NCBI Class编号 ncbi_taxonomy_id	9606
宿主生物 host_organism	Homo sapiens

Entity 2 Entity 2 polymer

Description description	Unidentified peptide
Molecular weight formula_weight	869.1 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	2

Polymer Polymer

Polymer type type	polypeptide(L)
Chain IDs strand_id	D,E

XXXXXXXXXX

来源 Source

来源生物 organism	Homo sapiens
通用名 common_name	human
NCBI Class编号 ncbi_taxonomy_id	9606
宿主生物 host_organism	Homo sapiens

Entity 3 Entity 3 polymer

Description description	Unidentified peptide
Molecular weight formula_weight	613.7 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	3

Polymer Polymer

Polymer type type	polypeptide(L)
Chain IDs strand_id	C,F,J

XXXXXXX

来源 Source

来源生物 organism	Homo sapiens
NCBI Class编号 ncbi_taxonomy_id	9606
宿主生物 host_organism	Homo sapiens

Entity 4 Entity 4 polymer

Description description	Unidentified peptide
Molecular weight formula_weight	1039.3 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	1

Polymer Polymer

Polymer type type	polypeptide(L)
Chain IDs strand_id	H

XXXXXXXXXXXX

来源 Source

来源生物 organism	Homo sapiens
NCBI Class编号 ncbi_taxonomy_id	9606
宿主生物 host_organism	Homo sapiens

Entity 5 Entity 5 polymer

Description description	Unidentified peptide
Molecular weight formula_weight	698.9 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	1

Polymer Polymer

Polymer type type	polypeptide(L)
Chain IDs strand_id	I

XXXXXXXX

来源 Source

来源生物 organism	Homo sapiens
NCBI Class编号 ncbi_taxonomy_id	9606
宿主生物 host_organism	Homo sapiens

Entity 6 Entity 6 polymer

Description description	Unidentified peptide
Molecular weight formula_weight	1124.4 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	1

Polymer Polymer

Polymer type type	polypeptide(L)
Chain IDs strand_id	G

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

来源 Source

来源生物 organism	Homo sapiens
NCBI Class编号 ncbi_taxonomy_id	9606
宿主生物 host_organism	Homo sapiens

Entity 7 Entity 7 branched

Description description	beta-D-mannopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
Molecular weight formula_weight	586.5 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	7

Entity 8 Entity 8 branched

Description description	2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose-(1-4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
Molecular weight formula_weight	424.4 kDa
Source method src_method	man
Copy count entity_count	8

Entity 9 Entity 9 non-polymer

Description description	2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranose
Molecular weight formula_weight	221.2 kDa
Source method src_method	syn
Copy count entity_count	19

Entity 10 Entity 10 non-polymer

Description description	2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-galactopyranose
Molecular weight formula_weight	221.2 kDa
Source method src_method	syn
Copy count entity_count	9

Entity 11 Entity 11 non-polymer

Description description	CALCIUM ION
Molecular weight formula_weight	40.1 kDa
Source method src_method	syn
Copy count entity_count	25

Entity 12 Entity 12 non-polymer

Description description	NICKEL (II) ION
Molecular weight formula_weight	58.7 kDa
Source method src_method	syn
Copy count entity_count	2

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8. Citations (1)

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Unit-cell length a length_a	1.000 Å
Unit-cell length b length_b	1.000 Å
Unit-cell length c length_c	1.000 Å
Unit-cell angle α angle_alpha	90.00 °
Unit-cell angle β angle_beta	90.00 °
Unit-cell angle γ angle_gamma	90.00 °
Molecules per unit cell Z z_pdb	—

Space group space_group	P 1
Space-group number int_tables_number	1
Crystal system crystal_system	triclinic

Resolution resolution	3.51 Å
Resolution测定方法 resolution_method	—
颗粒数 num_particles	300645

fit	/app/data/saxs_computation/i3/9i3v/9i3v.fit
pddf	/app/data/pr_computation/i3/9i3v/9i3v.pr.out
profile	/app/data/saxs_computation/i3/9i3v/9i3v.dat

Cryo-EM structure of the human LRP2 ectodomain

1. Protein Identity and Related Structures Protein Identity & Related Structures

Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2

State in the Current Structure

Other States of the Same Protein in the Database

SAXS scattering curve SAXS Profile

P(r) Distance Distribution P(r) Distribution

2. Structure Basics 2. Structure Basics

3. SAXS Parameters (CRYSOL theoretical calculation) 3. SAXS Parameters (CRYSOL)

4. P(r) Distance Distribution (GNOM inversion) 4. P(r) Analysis (GNOM)

5. Crystallography and Experiment 5. Crystallography & Experiment

Unit cell Unit Cell

Symmetry Symmetry

冷冻电镜 EM 3D

6. Entities and Polymers Entities & Polymers (12)

Entity 1 Entity 1 polymer

Polymer Polymer

来源 Source

Entity 2 Entity 2 polymer

Polymer Polymer

来源 Source

Entity 3 Entity 3 polymer

Polymer Polymer

来源 Source

Entity 4 Entity 4 polymer

Polymer Polymer

来源 Source

Entity 5 Entity 5 polymer

Polymer Polymer

来源 Source

Entity 6 Entity 6 polymer

Polymer Polymer

来源 Source

Entity 7 Entity 7 branched

Entity 8 Entity 8 branched

Entity 9 Entity 9 non-polymer

Entity 10 Entity 10 non-polymer

Entity 11 Entity 11 non-polymer

Entity 12 Entity 12 non-polymer

8. Citations (1)

9. Files and Curves (10)

Files (7)

Curves (3)