3coj

Crystal Structure of the BRCT Domains of Human BRCA1 in Complex with a Phosphorylated Peptide from Human Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1

Method: X-RAY DIFFRACTION Dmax: 161.0 Å Quality: GOOD

1. Protein Identity and Related Structures Protein Identity & Related Structures

Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein

Homo sapiens

UniProt P38398

State in the Current Structure

Assembly Oligomeric State Construct Mutations and Modifications Ligands, Ions and Associated Components Method and Experimental Conditions Structure Quality
1 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain X; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
2 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain A; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
3 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain B; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
4 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain C; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
5 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain D; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
6 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain E; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
7 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain F; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
8 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain G; UniProt 1646–1859 Fragment:BRCT1 and BRCT2 domains Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 × 1 (Q13085) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307

Other States of the Same Protein in the Database

Each row is a biological assembly of the same UniProt protein in another PDB entry. The “Difference from current entry” column identifies evidence-level differences; no tag means the currently parsed fields agree.

31 other PDB entries and 63 assemblies. Open the comparison page and filter oligomeric states

View Construct and Data Evidence
UniProt name BRCA1_HUMAN
Isoform
PDB entities 1
Chains and sequence ranges Author chain A; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain B; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain C; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain D; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain E; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain F; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain G; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859 Author chain X; PDBConstruct 22–235; UniProt 1646–1859

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1

OrganismNot specified

UniProt Q13085

State in the Current Structure

Assembly Oligomeric State Construct Mutations and Modifications Ligands, Ions and Associated Components Method and Experimental Conditions Structure Quality
1 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain H; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
2 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain I; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
3 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain J; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
4 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain K; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
5 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain L; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
6 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain M; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
7 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain N; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307
8 Protein heterocomplex Heteromer Protein × 2 PDB declaration: dimeric(2) Consistent with protein copy count Chain O; UniProt 1258–1270 Fragment:residues 1258-1270 Non-standard monomer:Yes (specific site not provided by mmCIF) Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein × 1 (P38398) X-RAY DIFFRACTION X-ray crystallization conditions:VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP;pH 4.5;294 K;100 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5), 25-27% (v/v) PEG400, and 200 mM calcium acetate, VAPOR DIFFUSION, SITTING DROP, temperature 294K Resolution 3.21 Å R-free 0.307

Other States of the Same Protein in the Database

Each row is a biological assembly of the same UniProt protein in another PDB entry. The “Difference from current entry” column identifies evidence-level differences; no tag means the currently parsed fields agree.

9 other PDB entries and 12 assemblies. Open the comparison page and filter oligomeric states

View Construct and Data Evidence
UniProt name ACACA_HUMAN
Isoform
PDB entities 2
Chains and sequence ranges Author chain H; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain I; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain J; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain K; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain L; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain M; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain N; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270 Author chain O; PDBConstruct 1–13; UniProt 1258–1270

The page prioritizes protein identity, the current assembly, associated components, oligomeric state and cross-PDB links. Chain mapping and sequence ranges are retained as data evidence. Internal IDs, import timestamps and assembly operation expressions are maintenance fields and are not shown here.

SAXS scattering curve SAXS Profile

SAXS profile for 3coj

P(r) Distance Distribution P(r) Distribution

P(r) distribution for 3coj
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2. Structure Basics 2. Structure Basics

Entry ID entry_id3coj
Deposition date deposition_date2008-03-28
Structure title titleCrystal Structure of the BRCT Domains of Human BRCA1 in Complex with a Phosphorylated Peptide from Human Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase 1
Keywords keywords;Breast Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, lipid synthesis, Obesity, Protein-peptide complex, Protein Protein interaction, Anti-oncogene, Cell cycle, Disease mutation, DNA damage, DNA repair, DNA-binding, Metal-binding, Nucleus, Phosphoprotein, Zinc-finger, Alternative promoter usage, ATP-binding, Biotin, Ligase, Manganese, Multifunctional enzyme, Nucleotide-binding, ANTITUMOR PROTEIN-LIGASE COMPLEX ;; ANTITUMOR PROTEIN/LIGASE
Experimental Method methodX-RAY DIFFRACTION

3. SAXS Parameters (CRYSOL theoretical calculation) 3. SAXS Parameters (CRYSOL)

Radius of gyration Rg (Guinier) rg_guinier48.75
Radius of gyration Rg (electron density) rg_electron48.74
Forward intensity I(0) i0562010000.00
Molecular weight molecular_weight197600.0 kDa
Excluded volume excluded_volume247870 ų
Envelope volume envelope_volume374820 ų
Hydration-shell volume shell_volume66071 ų
Envelope diameter envelope_diameter164.6
Shell Rg shell_rg50.75
Envelope Rg envelope_rg47.55
Shape Rg shape_rg48.73
Total Rg total_rg48.84
Total atoms total_atoms13867
Residues n_residues1723
Spherical-harmonic order n_harmonics20
q range q_range— – 0.5000 −1
Data points n_points101
Shell type shell_typedirectional
Solvent electron density solvent_density0.3340 e/ų
Shell contrast contrast_shell0.0300 e/ų
CRYSOL version crysol_version4.1.3

4. P(r) Distance Distribution (GNOM inversion) 4. P(r) Analysis (GNOM)

Maximum dimension Dmax dmax161.0
Rg (real space) rg_real48.70
Rg uncertainty (real space) rg_real_error1.52
I(0) (real space) i0_real5.6200e+08
I(0) uncertainty (real space) i0_real_error1.0690e+07
Rg (reciprocal space) rg_reciprocal48.75
I(0) (reciprocal space) i0_reciprocal562000000.0000
Solution quality estimate total_estimate0.8752
Solution quality rating solution_quality GOOD a GOOD solution
P(r) peaks n_peaks1
Primary peak position r_peak_primary65.4
Skewness Skewness skewness0.213
Kurtosis Kurtosis kurtosis-0.409
Angular range angular_range— – 0.1600 −1
Current regularization parameter α current_alpha0.0000
Highest regularization parameter α highest_alpha23540000.0000
Real-space data points n_real_points33
GNOM version gnom_version4.1.3
Quality Criteria quality_criteria AN1: 0.000; Oscil: 0.886; Stabil: 1.000; Sysdev: 1.000; Positv: 1.000; Valcen: 0.998; Smooth: 0.718

5. Crystallography and Experiment 5. Crystallography & Experiment

6. Entities and Polymers Entities & Polymers (2)

7. Fold Classification (SCOP + CATH) 32 domains

SCOP 2.08 (16 domains)

Domain ID domain_idd3coja1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3coja2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojb1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojb2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojc1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojc2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojd1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojd2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3coje1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3coje2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojf1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojf2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojg1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojg2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojx1
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_idd3cojx2
Class classc — Alpha and beta proteins (a/b)
Fold Fold foldc.15 — BRCT domain
Superfamily Superfamily superfamilyc.15.1 — BRCT domain
Family Family familyc.15.1.3 — BRCT domain

CATH v4.4 (16 domains)

Domain ID domain_id3cojA01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojA02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojB01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojB02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojC01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojC02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojD01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojD02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojE01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojE02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojF01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojF02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojG01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojG02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojX01
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain
Domain ID domain_id3cojX02
Class class3 — Alpha Beta
Architecture architecture40 — 3-Layer(aba) Sandwich
Topology topology50 — Rossmann fold
Homologous superfamily homologous superfamily10190 — BRCT domain

8. Citations (1)

9. Files and Curves (10)